Prevention and control of communicable diseases
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When we say prevention it refers to measures
that are applied to prevent the occurrence of a disease. When we say control it refers to measures
that are applied to prevent transmission after the disease has
occurred.
Prevention and control of
communicable diseases involves interventions to break the chain of transmission
It
involves steps at three levels -At the source/reservoir level, At mode of
transmission level and, At susceptible host level
1.
At the source/reservoir level-
The
prevention and control measures you will undertake depend on the type of
reservoir. When we encounter an infected person, you should undertake the
measures described below.
Diagnosis
and treatment
First,
you should be able to diagnose and treat cases of the disease, or refer the
patient for treatment at a higher health facility.
Screening refers
to the detection of an infection in an individual who does not show any signs
or symptoms of the disease. It is carried out using specific tests called screening
tests.
Isolation
Following detection of an infectious disease, you may need to separate
patients from others to prevent transmission to healthy people. This is
called isolation.
Reporting
Cases of communicable diseases should be reported to a nearby health
centre or Health Office periodically, using the national surveillance
guidelines.
Animal
reservoirs When infected animals are the reservoir involved in the transmission of
communicable diseases, different measures can be undertaken against them. The
type of action depends on the animal reservoir, and ranges from treatment to
destroying the infected animal,
2.
At mode of transmission level
The activities at this level depends upon mode of
transmission of the particular disease. For example is the mode of transmission
is direct transmission than we need social distancing, hand hygiene,
respiratory etiquettes etc. and in case of indirect transmission we need to
tackle the vehicle for example water purifying, vector controlling
environmental hygiene etc. and special attention is paid during treatment of
these patients we need to use proper PPE and standard precautions to prevent
transmission to health care provider and then to other patients.
3.
At susceptible host level
The
measures described below help to protect the susceptible host either from
becoming infected, or from developing the stage of infectious disease if they
are exposed to the infectious agents.
Vaccination refers
to administration of vaccines to increase the resistance of the susceptible
host against specific vaccine-preventable infections. For example BCG
vaccination gives some protection from tuberculosis
Chemoprophylaxis refers
to the drugs given to exposed and susceptible hosts to prevent them from
developing an infection. For example, individuals from non-malarial areas who
are going to a malaria endemic area can take a prophylactic drug to prevent
them from developing the disease .
Maintaining
a healthy lifestyle
Proper
nutrition and exercise improves a person’s health status, supports the
effective functioning of their immune system, and increases resistance to
infection.
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