PRIMARY HEALTH CARE - ENGLISH
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PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE-
•
A new approach to
health care came into existence in 1978, following an international conference
at Alma-Ata (USSR). This is known as "primary health care". Primary
health care (PHC) addresses the majority of a person’s health needs throughout
their lifetime. Before Alma-Ata, primary health care was regarded as synonymous
with "basic health services", "first contact care",
"easily accessible care", etc.
•
DEFINITION - “essential health care based on practical,
scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology, made
universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through
their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can
afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of
self-reliance and self-determination”
•
ELEMENTS/COMPONENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE -
1. Health education concerning prevailing health
problems
and the
methods of preventing and controlling them.
2. Promotion of
food supply and proper nutrition.
3. An adequate
supply of safe water and basic sanitation.
4. Maternal and
child health care, including family planning.
5. immunization against major infectious diseases.
6. prevention and control of locally endemic diseases.
7. appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries.
8. provision of essential drugs.
PRINICIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE- -
1.
Equitable
Distribution.-
2.
Community
Participation.
3.
Inter-sectoral
coordination.
4.
Appropriate
technology.
1.
Equitable
Distribution.- The first
principle in the primary health care strategy is equity or equitable
distribution of health services. Health services must be shared equally by all
people irrespective of their ability to pay(rich or poor) and all (urban or
rural) must have access to health services.
The health services are mainly concentrated in the
major towns and cities resulting in inequality of care to the people in rural
areas , while worst affected are the
needy and vulnerable groups of the population in rural areas and urban slums.
The failure to reach the majority of the people is usually due to
inaccessibility.
Primary health care should redress this imbalance by shifting the center
of gravity of the health care system from cities to the rural areas (where three-quarters of
the people live), and bring these services as near people's homes as possible.
In India PHC and CHC mainly doing this job perfectly.
2.
Community Participation.- The involvement of individuals, families, and communities in promotion of their own health
and welfare, is the base of primary health care. Governments are now conscious
of the fact that universal coverage by primary health care cannot be achieved
without the involvement of the local community.
One approach that has been tried successfully in India
is the use of village health guides, trained dais and ASHA under NHM. They are
selected by the local community and trained locally in the delivery of primary
health care to the community they belong. they provide primary health are in ways that are acceptable to the
community
3.
Inter-sectoral coordination.- Primary health care cannot be provided by the
health sector alone. The Declaration of Alma-Ata states that "primary
health care involves in addition to the health sector, all related sectors and
aspects of national and community development, in particular agriculture,
animal husbandry, food, industry, education, housing, public works,
communication and others sectors"
To achieve such cooperation, countries may have to
review their administrative system, reallocate their resources and introduce
suitable legislation to ensure that coordination can take place. This requires
strong political will to translate values into action.
4.
Appropriate technology.- Appropriate
technology has been defined as technology that is scientifically sound,
adaptable to local needs, and acceptable to those who apply it and those for
whom it is used, and that can be maintained by the people themselves in keeping
with the principle of self reliance with the resources the community and
country can afford"
This also applies to using costly equipment,
procedures and techniques when cheaper, scientifically valid and acceptable
ones are available, such as, oral rehydration fluid, in treating diarrhea
instead of costly medicines or iv fluids.
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