POLIOMYELITIS IN ENGLISH
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POLIOMYELITIS-
} Poliomyelitis is an acute
viral infection caused by an RNA virus. It is primarily an infection of the
human alimentary tract but the virus may infect the central nervous system
CAUSATIVE
AGENT-
} The causative agent is the
poliovirus which has three serotypes 1,2 and 3. Most common cause of polio are
due to type-I virus. Poliovirus can survive for long periods in the external
environment. In a cold environment, it can live in water for 4 months and in
faeces for 6 months
SOURCE
OF INFECTION-
} Human beings are the only
known reservoir of infection. Most infections are subclinical but they play a
dominant role in the spread of infection.
SPREAD
OF INFECTION-
} FAECAL-ORAL ROUTE : This is
the main route of transmission. The infection may spread through contaminated
fingers where hygiene is poor or indirectly through contaminated water,
milk, foods, flies and articles of daily use.
} DROPLET INFECTION : This may
occur in the acute phase of disease when the virus occurs in the throat. Close
personaI contact with an infected person
facilitates droplet spread.
INCUBATION
PERIOD-
} Incubation period of
poliomyelitis ranges from 3 to 35 days and average is 7 to 14 days .
SIGN
AND SYMPTOMS-
} Approximately in 91-96 per
cent of poliovirus infections there
are no presenting symptoms. This type of infection is known as subclinical
infection.
} In 1 per cent of all
infections the presenting features are stiffness and pain in the neck and back.
The disease lasts 2 to 10 days. Recovery is rapid.
} Paralytic polio Occurs in
less than one per cent of infections. The virus invades CNS and causes varying
degrees of paralysis. The predominant sign is asymmetrical flaccid paralysis .
} In approximately 4 to 8 per
cent of the infections it causes
only a mild or self-limiting fever due to viraemia. The patient recovers
quickly
} The other associated
symptoms are malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, sore throat,
constipation and abdominal pain.
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION-
} Diagnosis of poliomyelitis
is not based on sign and symptoms as majority of cases of are subclinical. Only
paralytic polio is identified by presence of flaccid paralysis and history of
fever.
} To confirm poliomyelitis
blood examination, throat sab and stool examination and CSF examination is done
for the presence of poliovirus in serum.
} Antibody titer can also be
done for confirm diagnosis
TREATEMENT-
} There is no specific
treatment for poliomyelitis . Supportive treatment such as pain management and
physical exercise may help in promoting comfort. Main attention is give to
prevent the spread to infection.
PREVENTION-
} Vaccination is the best
system to prevent Poliomyelitis. Polio vaccine is available as Oral Polio
Vaccine (two oral drops) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (injectable) .
} Pulse Polio Program is
latest strategy to eradicate polio. Every time during pulse polio program all children under 5 years of age are
immunized by OPV
} Reporting of all AFP cases
is also another strategy to find out any
missed out cases of polio. Though India has been declared as poliofree but
still we are using reporting and survillence system for searching of any
possible case.
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