WATERBORN DISEASES in ENGLISH

                                                   

                                                                        WATERBORN DISEASES in ENGLISH

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WATER POLLUTION-

}  Addition of impurities into water is known as water pollution. It is caused by natural process or by human activities. The natural impurities may be dissolved gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, or dissolved minerals or micro-organisms.

}  The natural impurities may be added during rainfall or flowing of water through soil on ground. These impurities are derived from the atmosphere, catchment area and the soil

}  A more serious concern of water  pollution is that part which is caused by human activity - urbanization and industrialization. These activities leads to addition of more harmful substances in the water which have a lot of health hazards.

}  The sources of pollution resulting from human activities are :

}  (a) sewage- sewage is the waste material from human excreta which flows in sewers. It contains decomposable organic matter and pathogenic agents.  If untreated sewage is poured into rivers  it will pollute the river water.

}  (b) Industrial and trade waste- waste form industrial units contains harmful toxic chemicals and if untreated industrial waste is thrown in river it ill pollute the water.

}  (c) Animal activity- animals pass urine and excreta into pond and river during drinking leads to water pollution.

}  (d) human activity- human activities such as washing clothes and bathing in river or near ponds also leads to water pollution.

}  (e)agricultural pollutants- agricultural activities which may lead to water pollution includes pesticide application and overuse of chemical fertilizers.

WATER BORN DISEASES-

}  Use of polluted and contaminated water may cause diseases. These diseases are known as water born diseases or water related diseases. Water-related diseases may be classified as biological water born diseases  and chemical  water born diseases

BIOLOGICAL WATER BORN DISEASES

1. Due to presence of infective agent in water the water born diseases are-

}  (A) viral diseases- water born viral diseases includes Viral hepatitis A, hepatitis E, poliomyelitis, rotavirus diarrhoea in infants

}  (B) bacterial diseases- water born bacterial diseases includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever, bacillary dysentery, Esch. coli diarrhoea, cholera and leptospirosis or weil's disease .

}  (C) Protozoal disease- protozoal diseases includes amoebiasis and giardiasis

}  (D) Helminthic disease- Helminthic disease includes, roundworm, threadworm and hydatid disease

2. Due to presence of aquatic host in water the water born diseases are-

}  (A) Presence of snail-  schistosomiasis is caused by presence of snail host in water.

}  (B) Presence of cyclops- guineaworm and fish tape worms are caused by presence of cyclops in water.

CHEMICAL WATER BORN DISEASES

}  Chemical pollutants  derived from industrial and agricultural wastes leads to chemical water born diseases. Chemical pollutants include detergent solvents, cyanides, heavy metals, minerals and organic acids, nitrogenous substances, bleaching agents, dyes, pigments, sulphides, ammonia, toxic and biocidal organic compounds .

}  (a) fluorosis : The presence of fluoride at about 1 mg/litre in drinking water is known to protect against dental caries, but high levels of fluoride cause mottling of the dental enamel.

}  (b) methaemoglobinaemia- High nitrate content of water is associated with methaemoglobinaemia. This is a rare occurrence but may occur when drinking water is polluted with  chemical fertilizer.