MONKEYPOX IN ENGLISH

                                               

                                      MONKEYPOX IN ENGLISH

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MONKEYPOX

Ø  Human monkey-pox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) infection first identified in 1970 from remote rural villages in central and western African rainforest countries.

CAUSATIVE AGENT-

Ø  Human monkey-pox is caused by monkey-pox virus. Monkey-pox virus is a species of Orthopoxvirus genus which belongs to Poxviridae family.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Ø  Human monkey-pox transmission can occur from direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals.  Some cases are attributable to person-to-person contact.

Ø  Various animal species have been identified as susceptible to monkeypox virus. This includes rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice etc.

Ø  The first monkey-pox outbreak outside of Africa was in the United States of America and was linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. These pets had been housed with Gambian pouched rats and dormice that had been imported into the country from Ghana.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS-

Ø  the invasion period which lasts between 0–5 days, characterized by fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), back pain, myalgia (muscle aches) and intense asthenia (lack of energy). 

Ø  the skin eruption usually begins within 1–3 days of appearance of fever. The rash tends to be more concentrated on the face and extremities rather than on the trunk. It affects the face and palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It also affected are oral mucous membranes, genitalia  and conjunctivae  as well as the cornea. 

Ø  The rash evolves sequentially from macules (lesions with a flat base) to papules (slightly raised firm lesions), vesicles (lesions filled with clear fluid), pustules (lesions filled with yellowish fluid), and crusts which dry up and fall off.

Ø  The number of lesions varies from a few to several thousand. In severe cases, lesions can coalesce until large sections of skin slough off.

DIAGNOSITIC INVESTIGATIONS-

Ø  Monkeypox is diagnosed with the physical examinations and presence of sign and symptoms . Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred laboratory test given its accuracy and sensitivity. samples for monkeypox are from skin lesions – the roof or fluid from vesicles and pustules, and dry crusts. Where feasible, biopsy is an option

TREATMENT

Ø  Monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease with the symptoms lasting from 2 to 4 weeks.

Ø  Supportive treatment is provided for fever, fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

Ø  Antiviral drugs may be given along ith antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infection.

PREVENTION

Ø  Surveillance and rapid identification of new cases is critical prevention of outbreak .

Ø  Health education should be provided that during human monkeypox outbreaks, close contact with infected persons is the most significant risk factor for monkeypox virus infection.

Ø  Health workers and household members are at a greater risk of infection. So extra precautions should be taken by Health workers during caring for patients with suspected or confirmed monkeypox

Ø   Unprotected contact with wild animals, especially those that are sick or dead, including their meat, blood and other parts must be avoided