GONORRHOEA IN ENGLISH

                                                   

                                          GONORRHOEA IN ENGLISH

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GONORRHOEA-

Ø  Gonorrhea or gonococcal infection is a sexually transmitted bacterial disease which affects mainly columnar and transitional epithelium and differs in males and females in course, severity and clinical manifestations.

CAUSATIVE AGENT-

Ø  Gonorrhea is caused by a bacteria named Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is  a  Gram- negative diplococci bacteria isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879

MODE OF TRANSMISSION-

Ø  Contact with exudates from mucous membranes of infected people, almost always as a result of sexual activity. 

Ø  Gonorrhea can also be spread perinatally from mother to baby during childbirth.

Ø  In children over 1 year, it is considered an indicator of sexual abuse.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS-

Ø  Asymptomatic infections are common in both men and women.

Ø  In men, infection is characterized by urethritis, burning micturation, a mucopurulent or purulent discharge from the urethra.

Ø  Patients with N. gonorrhoeae infection may also report painful, swollen testicles.

Ø  In women, signs and symptoms are often mild enough to be overlooked and can include-

Ø   Purulent discharge from the urethra,   cervix or vagina.

Ø  Infection of the Bartholin glands can lead to secondary infections, abscesses, or cyst formation.

DIAGNOSTIC INFECITONS-

Ø  The laboratory diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae infection in women is made by testing endocervical, vaginal, or urine specimens.

Ø  Male urethral discharge specimens may be tested by Gram stain in symptomatic men.

TREATMENT-

Ø  Recommended treatment for Gonorrhoea is use of antibiotics such as either doxycycline or azithromycin and one of the following  ceftriaxone ,cefixime  or ciprofloxacin. These antibiotics are not recommended during pregnancy.

Ø  PREVENTION-

Ø  Emphasis should be placed on early detection and effective treatment of patients  contacts to prevent spread of infection

Ø  Health education to the community in general health promotion measures sex instruction that teaches the value of delaying sexual activity until the onset of sexual maturity.

Ø  Protect the community by preventing and controlling STDs in sex workers and their clients and by discouraging multiple sexual partners and  casual sexual activity.

Ø  Teach methods of personal prophylaxis applicable before, during and after exposure, especially the correct and consistent use of condoms.

Ø  Provide health care facilities for early diagnosis and treatment of STIs and encourage their use through education of the public about symptoms of STIs and modes of spread 

Ø  make these services culturally appropriate and readily accessible and acceptable, regardless of economic status. 

Ø  Establish active case-finding programs that include interviewing patients and partner notification.

Ø  the use of prophylactic agents in the eyes of the newborn is an effective prevention method of neonatal gonococcal infection of eyes.