OSTEOPOROSIS IN ENGLISH
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OSTEOPOROSIS
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Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone disease in the
world. It is a degenerative bone disease.
•
Osteoporosis is
characterized by reduced bone mass, deterioration of bone matrix, and
diminished bone architectural strength.
•
The rate of bone resorption that is maintained by
osteoclasts is greater than the rate of bone formation that is maintained by
osteoblasts, resulting in a reduced total bone mass.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
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Due to reduced bone mass or bone density The bones become
progressively porous, brittle, and fragile which may break easily. The most
common fracture due to osteoporosis are thoracic and lumbar spine, hip
fractures, and Colles’ fractures of the wrist.
•
There is gradual collapse of a vertebra that may be
asymptomatic. it is observed as progressive kyphosis.
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With the development of kyphosis , there is an associated
loss of height
RISK FACTORS (CAUSES)
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Race- African American women, who have a greater bone
mass than Caucasian women ( more risk for osteoporosis)
•
Age- Aging also a risk factor. Older people at higher
risk for developing osteoporosis.
•
Sex- Men have a greater peak bone mass and do not
experience sudden estrogen reduction so women are at greater risk for
osteoporosis.
•
Diet- Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption and
for normal bone mineralization. People having low vitamin D diet are at greater
risk.
•
Lifestyle- Bone
formation is enhanced by the stress of weight and muscle activity. Resistance
and impact exercises are most beneficial in developing and maintaining bone
mass. Immobility and sedentary life style contributes to the development of
osteoporosis.
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS
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Osteoporosis is diagnosed by dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry (DXA), which provides information about BMD at the spine and hip
•
Laboratory studies such as serum calcium, serum
phosphate, serum alkaline phosphatase, Vitamin D, urinary hydroxyproline
excretion are also useful for diagnosis of osteoporosis
TREATMENT
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The first-line medications used to treat and prevent
osteoporosis include calcium and vitamin D supplements and bisphosphonates.
•
Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake is needed for
maximum effect, but these supplements should not be taken at the same time of
day as bisphosphonates
•
Calcitonin
(Miacalcin) directly inhibits osteoclasts, thereby reducing bone loss and
increasing BMD. Calcitonin is administered by nasal spray or by subcutaneous or
intramuscular injection.
•
Selective
estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene reduce the risk of osteoporosis by preserving
BMD without estrogenic effects on the uterus
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