ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: AN INTRO- English
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: AN
INTRO-
• Learning
about the anatomy and physiology of the body is very much like learning a
foreign language – there are new vocabulary, grammar and concepts to learn and
understand. This class introduces you to this new language or terms used in anatomy and physiology so that you can understand of the different parts of the body
that will be discussed frequently in all the other classes of anatomy and
physiology.
ANATOMY-
• Human anatomy is
the scientific study of the body’s structures. Some of these structures are
very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a
microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured,
and weighed. The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek word that means “to cut
apart.” it includes study of size shape color and location of body parts.
PHYSIOLOGY-
• Human physiology is
the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body
and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. In
physiology we study the functions of our body parts and the science behind
these functions.
HUMAN BODY
The body is a very
complex that consists of many
components, starting with the smallest of them – the atom – and completing with
the organism body itself.
The atom >>
The molecule >> The macromolecule
>> The organelle >>
The cell >> The tissues >>
The organs>> The organ system >>The organism
(Body)
ANATOMICAL POSITION-
Anatomical position of our body is this as shown in the picture straight body with palms facing
front.
PLANES OF OUR BODY-
We have three planes-
1. Sagittal
(median) plane
2. Frontal
(coronal) plane
3. Transverse(horizontal)
plane
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR-
Ø Superior or cranial -
toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity).
Ø Inferior or caudal -
away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity)
VENTRAL AND DORSAL-
Ø Ventral
– soft surface of the body
Ø Dorsal - hard surface of the body
PROXIMAL AND DISTAL-
Ø Proximal–
a part near to the main body
Ø Distal - a part away from the main body
MEDIAL AND LATERAL
Ø Medial–
towards the midline.
Ø Lateral-
away from the midline
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP-
• Superficial
- describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is
superficial to the bones.
• Deep - describes
a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the
skull.
FLEXION AND EXTENSION-
Ø Flexion
– moving ventral surface closer.
Ø Extension - moving ventral surface away.
SUPINATION AND PRONATION-
Ø Supination
– rotating from prone to supine.
Ø Pronation-
rotating from supine to prone
FORAMINA AND
FOVEA-
Ø Foramina–
a hole in the bone.
Ø Fovea
–a depression in the bone.
TENDON AND LIGAMENT-
Ø Tendon–
A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that
connects muscle to bone .
Ø Ligament–
A ligament is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that
connects bone to bone .
HORMONE AND ENZYME-
Ø Hormone
– Hormones are special proteins and act as chemical messengers. They travel in
bloodstream to tissues or organs and affect many different processes. Hormones
are secreted by endocrine glands.
Ø Enzymes
– Enzymes are special proteins that act as biological catalysts
(biocatalysts). Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon
which enzymes may act are called substrates. Enzymes are
secreted by exocrine glands.
ABDOMINAL REGIONS
Ø We
have 9 abdominal regions as shown in the picture-
01. Right hypochondriac Region 02. Right lumber
region.
03. Right iliac region 04.
Epigastric region
05. Umblical region 06.
Hypogastric region
07. Left hypochondriac Region 08.
Left lumber region
09. Left iliac region
ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS-
Ø We
have 4 abdominal Quadrants as shown in the picture-
1. Right
upper quadrant
2. Right
lower quadrant
3. Left
upper quadrant
4. Left
lower quadrant
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