BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ENGLISH
watch my youtube video to understand this topic in easy way-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWY3kTCnYYg
INTRODUCTION-
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Any type of waste is harmful to health but the waste
geneated in hospitals and health care centers and laboratories is most
dangerous and may affect health if not disposed with proper manner because it
may contain pathogenic organisms or harmful chemicals.
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it is a well
established fact that hospital waste is a potential health hazard to the health
care workers, public and flora and fauna of the area. That’s why it is
important for all of us about bio-medical waste management. The act was passed
by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1986 & notified the Bio
Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules in July 1998.
BIO MEDICAL WASTE-
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According to
Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 of India,
"Bio-medical waste" is defined as any waste, which is generated
during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human-beings or animals, or in research activities.
CLASSIFICAITON-
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Bio medical
waste is of two types-
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Between 75 to
90 per cent of the waste produced by the health-care providers is Non-hazardous
waste or "general" health-care waste, comparable to domestic waste. The remaining 10-25 per cent
health-care waste is regarded as hazardous waste and may create a variety of
health risk
NON HAZARDOUS WASTE-
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Non hazardous
bio-medical waste comes mostly from administrative and house keeping functions
of the healthcare establishments, and may also include waste generated during
maintenance of health-care premises. it includes paper, card board, polythene,
fruit peelings etc.
HAZARDOUS WASTE-
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Hazardous
waste is further divided into different categories . Such as-
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Category No.
1- it includes Human anatomical waste (human tissues, organs, body parts including
blood and other body fluids).
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Category No.
2- it includes Animal waste such as animal tissues, organs, body parts
carcasses, bleeding parts, fluids, blood and experimental animals used in
research and waste generated by veterinary hospitals
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Category No.
3- it includes Microbiology and biotechnology waste such as waste from
laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of micro-organisms, live or attenuated
vccines, human and animal cell culture used in research and infectious agents
from research and diagnostic laboratories.
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Category No.
4- it includes Waste sharps (needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc.
that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps)
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Category No.
5- it includes Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs . It also includes
wastes of outdated, contaminated and
discarded medicines.
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Category No.
6- it includes Soiled Waste (Items
contaminated with blood, and body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled
plaster casts, lines, beddings, other material contaminated with blood)
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Category No.
7- it includes Solid waste generated from disposable items other than the waste
sharps such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc.).
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Category No.
8- it includes Liquid waste generated
from laboratory and washing, cleaning, house-keeping and disinfecting
activities.
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Category No.
9- it includes ash from incineration of any bio-medical waste.
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Category No.
10- it includes Chemicals used in
production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection, as insecticides,
etc.
BMW rules-
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The Bio
Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules were first implemented in July
1998, subsequently revised in 2011 and now the latest are “Bio-medical Waste
Management Rules, 2016” Failure to comply with the provisions of the
Rules, will attract penal action as per the provisions of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986, which includes imprisonment for a period of 5 years or
a fine of Rs.1 lakh or both.
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In accordance
with these rules, it is the duty of every “occupier” i.e. a person who has the
control over the institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that
waste generated is handled without any adverse effect to human health and
environment.
STEPS OF BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-
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1. Segregation-
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The
bio-medical waste shall be segregated into colored containers or bags at the
point of generation in accordance with Schedule 1 prior to its storage,
transportation, treatment and disposal.
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The
bio-medical waste management system we have different colored bags or
containers for different types of waste such as
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Black, Red,
Yellow, blue and white or Translucent)
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BLACK- Black
container or black bag is for general waste. it includes paper, card board,
wrapper of syringes or iv sets, polythene, fruit peelings etc.
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YELLOW- Human
tissues, organs, body parts, Experimental animal carcasses, body parts, organs,
tissues, Items contaminated with blood, body fluids like dressings, plaster
casts, cotton swabs and bags containing residual or discarded blood and blood
components.
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Expired or
Discarded Medicines like
antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs including all items contaminated with cytotoxic
drugs .
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Liquid waste
generated due to use of chemicals in labs and used or discarded disinfectants.
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Discarded
linen, mattresses, beddings contaminated with blood or body fluid, Mask, PPE
kit etc.
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Blood bags,
Laboratory cultures, stocks or specimens of microorganisms, live or attenuated vaccines, human and animal
cell cultures used in research,
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RED- Wastes
generated from disposable items such as tubing, bottles, intravenous tubes and
sets, catheters, urine bags, syringes (without needles and fixed needle
syringes) and vaccutainers with their needles cut) and gloves.
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BLUE- Glassware: Broken or discarded and
contaminated glass including medicine vials and ampoules except those
contaminated with cytotoxic wastes and metallic body implants.
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WHITE/TRANSPERANT
BOX- Waste sharps including Metals: Needles, syringes with fixed needles,
needles from needle tip cutter or burner, scalpels, blades, or any other
contaminated sharp object that may cause puncture and cuts.
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2.
Collection and storage-
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Waste bags
and containers should be removed daily from wards / OPDs or even more
frequently if needed (as in Operation Theatres, ICUs, labour rooms).
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Ensure that
waste bags/containers are properly sealed and labeled
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The waste may
be temporarily stored at the central storage area of the hospital and from
there it may be sent in bulk to the site of final disposal once or twice a day
depending upon the quantum of waste. The untreated bio-medical waste shall not
be stored for more than 48 hours.
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3.
Transportation-
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The
bio-medical waste must be transported with care and in closed containers.
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Manual
handling of waste bags should be minimized to reduce the risk of needle prick
injury and infection.
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4.
Treatment and disposal-
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Municipal
waste- General waste (contents of black bag) is sent to municipal waste bins.
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Deep burial-
category 1 and 2 may be sent for deep
burial.
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Autoclave and
microwave- category 3,4,6 and 7 may be treated by this method before disposal
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Shredding-
contents of red container should be treated by chemical disinfectants like
sodium hypochlorite and than be shredded and sent for recycling.
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Incineration-
contents of yellow bag are sent for incineration and incineration ash can be sent
for landfill.
GENERAL RULES FOR BMW MANAGEMENT-
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All medical professionals must be aware of Bio medical
waste anagement and handling rules.
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Every health care
institution must have ell planned training programme for all category of staff.
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Bio medical waste should
be segregated by the generator of the waste and at the site of generation.
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All should adopt universal precautions hile handling the
BMW
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Bio medical waste
handllers should be vaccinated against tetanus and hepatitis B.
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Collectors and transporters (drivers) should be aware of
the nature and risk of the bio medical waste.
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Bio medical waste handllers should have wear
protective equipments properly while collecting and transporting the hazardous
waste.
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