HEPATITIS B IN ENGLISH
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HEPATITIS B
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Viral hepatitis may
be defined as infection of the liver caused by any of about half dozen
viruses. These are hepatitis A virus
(HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis D virus
(HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis G virus (HGV). Today we will
discuss about hepatitis B in detail
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Hepatitis B is an
acute systemic infection with major pathology in the liver, caused by hepatitis
B virus (HBV) and results in jaundice.
CAUSATIVE AGENT
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Hepatitis B is
caused by Hepatitis B virus. It was
first discovered by Blumberg in 1963. HBV is a complex, 42-nm, double-shelled
DNA virus, originally known as the "Dane particle". It
replicates in the liver cells.
HOW IT SPREADS-
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Man is the only
reservoir of infection which can be spread either from carriers or from cases.
Hepatitis B is essentially a blood-borne infection. It is transmitted by
infected blood and blood products through transfusions, dialysis, contaminated
syringes and needles and accidental skin prick etc.
} It may also spread during surgical and dental procedures, immunization, traditional tattooing, ear piercing, nose piercing, ritual circumcision, acupuncture if the instrument is contaminated. The virus is quite stable and capable of surviving for at least 7 days on environmental surfaces. Means it can spread through infected surface and instruments.
} Spread of infection from HBV carrier mothers to their babies appears to be an important factor for the high prevalence of HBV infection in some areas. the majority of children born to mothers who are positive, become chronically infected.
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It is also included
in sexually transmitted diseases group.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS-
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Sign and symptoms
of hepatitis includes-
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Yellow
discoloration of eyes and skin (jaundice)
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Yellow
discoloration of urine
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Pain abdomen
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Nausea
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vomiting
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Joint pain
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Loss of appetite
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Weakness and
fatigue
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Fever
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33 percent of cases are asymptomatic
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS-
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Blood
investigations-
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specific antigens
and/or antibodies confirms diagnosis. Three clinically useful antigen-antibody
systems are identified for hepatitis B:
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1) hepatitis B
surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg
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2) hepatitis B core
antigen (HBcAg) and antibody to HBcAg
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3) hepatitis B e
antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg
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Liver ultrasound-
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A special
ultrasound called transient elastography can show the amount of liver damage.
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Liver Biopsy-
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Liver biopsy
can be done to find-out liver condition and damage to liver cells.
TREATMENT-
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An injection
of immunoglobulin (an antibody) given within 12 hours of exposure to the virus
may help protect you from getting sick with hepatitis B. Because this treatment
only provides short-term protection.
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Antiviral
medications- Several antiviral
medications including entecavir, tenofovir, lamivudine, adefovir and telbivudine can help fight the virus and slow its ability
to damage the liver.
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Interferon
injections- Interferon alfa-2b
is a man-made version of a substance produced by the body to fight infection.
It's used mainly for young people with hepatitis B who wish to avoid long-term
treatment or women who might want to get pregnant within a few years.
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Liver transplant- If your liver has been severely damaged, a liver
transplant may be an option.
PREVENTION-
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VACCINATION- Hepatitis B vaccine is
available for prevention of hepatitis B.
It is recommended to immunize a new born baby with hepatitis B zero dose than
it is given in combination as pentavalant vaccine at 6 months 10 months and 14
months of age. For adult vaccination 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine is at 0,1
and 6 months .
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PRECATIONS- Hepatitis B can be prevented by taking some precautions
such as-
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All blood donors
should be screened for HBV infection, and those positive for Australia antigen
should be rejected
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Voluntary blood
donation should be encouraged because purchased blood has shown a higher risk
of post-transfusion hepatitis
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Health personnel
should be sensitized to the importance of adequate sterilization of all
instruments and to the practice of simple hygienic measures
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Carriers should be
told not to share razors or tooth brushes, use barrier methods of contraception
and they should not donate blood.
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A sterile syringe
and needle are essential for each individual receiving skin tests, parenteral
inoculations or venepuncture or use disposal one.
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Discourage
tattooing; enforce aseptic sanitary practices in tattoo parlours, including
proper disposal of sharp or cutting tools. Use rules of BMW management.
Thank you sir
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