MUSCULAR SYSTEM : MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB - HAND IN ENGLISH

                                                      

          MUSCULAR SYSTEM : MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB - HAND IN ENGLISH

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MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB

          Pectoralis major- This muscle  arises from clavicle, sternum and second to sixth rib and inserts into greater tubercle and lateral lip of inter tubercular sulcus of humerus. These muscles help in adduction, medial rotation and flexion of humerus. This muscle is innervated by pectoral nerves.

          Latissimus dorsi- This muscle  arises from spines of T7-T12 vertebrae, lumber vertebare, crest of sacrum and ileum and four lower ribs and inserts into inter tubercular sulcus of humerus. These muscles help in adduction, medial rotation and extension of humerus. This muscle is innervated by thoracodorsal nerves.

          Deltoid- This muscle  arises from clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula and inserts into deltoid tuberosity of humerus. These muscles help in abduction, medial and lateral rotation and flexion and extension of humerus (depending upon fibers contracting fibers). this muscle is innervated by axillary nerve.

          Subscapularis- This muscle  arises from sub scapular fossa of scapula  and inserts into lesser tubercle of humerus. These muscles help in medial rotation of humerus. This muscle is innervated by subscapular nerve.

          Supraspinatus- This muscle arises from supra spinous fossa of scapula  and inserts into greater tubercle of humerus. These muscles help in abduction of humerus at shoulder joint. This muscle is innervated by suprascapular nerve.

          Infraspinatus- This muscle arises from infra spinous fossa of scapula  and inserts into greater tubercle of humerus. These muscles help in lateral rotation of humerus at shoulder joint. This muscle is innervated by suprascapular nerve.

          Teres major- This muscle arises from inferior angle of scapula  and inserts into medial lip of inter tubercular sulcus of humerus. These muscles help in medial rotation of humerus, adduction and extension at shoulder joint. This muscle is innervated by lower subscapular nerve.

          Teres minor- This muscle arises from inferior lateral border of scapula  and inserts into greater tubercle of humerus. These muscles help in lateral rotation of humerus and extension at shoulder joint. This muscle is innervated by auxillary nerve.

          Coracobrachialis- This muscle arises from coracoid process of scapula  and inserts into middle of medial surface of shaft of humerus. These muscles help in flexion and adduction at shoulder joint. This muscle is innervated by musculocutaneous nerve.

          Biceps brachii- As indicated by its name, it has two heads of origin. Long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula and short head originates from coracoid process of scapula and inserts into radial tuberosity of the radius. 

          It is a strong muscle which covers front portion of arm. These muscles help in flexion at elbow joint, flexion at shoulder joint and supination at radio-ulnar joint. This muscle is innervated by musculo-cutaneous nerve.

          Brachialis- this muscle originates from anterior surface of humerus   and inserts into ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process of ulna. This muscle helps in flexion at elbow joint. This muscle is innervated by musculo-cutaneous and radial nerves.

          Brachioradialis- This muscle originates from lateral border of humerus   and inserts into radius just superior to styloid process. This muscle helps in flexion at elbow joint and also moves radio ulnar joint. This muscle is innervated by radial nerves.

          Triceps brachii- As indicated by its name, it has three heads of origin. Long head originates from tubercle bellow glenoid cavity of scapula, lateral lateral and posterior surface of humerus and medial head originates from posterior surface of humerus and inserts into olecranon process of ulna. 

          This muscle covers back portion of arm. These muscles help in extension at elbow joint, extension at shoulder joint. This muscle is innervated by radial nerve.

          Anconeus- This muscle originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus   and inserts into olecranon process and shaft of ulna. This muscle helps in extension at elbow joint  joint. This muscle is innervated by radial nerves.

          Pronator teres- This muscle originates from medial epicondyle of humerus   and coronoid process of ulna and inserts into mid-lateral surface of radius. This muscle helps in pronation. This muscle is innervated by median nerves.

          Pronator quadratus- This muscle originates from shaft of ulna and inserts into shaft of radius. This muscle helps in pronation. This muscle is innervated by median nerves.

          Supinator- This muscle originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus and from a ridge near radial notch of ulna and inserts into lateral surface of radius. This muscle helps in supination. This muscle is innervated by deep radial nerve.

          Flexor carpi radialis- This muscle originates from medial epicondyle of humerus and inserts into second and third metacarpals. This muscle helps in flexion and abduction at wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by median nerve.

          Flexor carpi ulnaris- This muscle originates from medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna and inserts into pisiform, hamate and 5^th metacarpals. This muscle helps in flexion and adduction at wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by ulnar nerve.

          Palmaris longus- This muscle originates from medial epicondyle of humerus and  inserts into flexor retinaculum and palmer aponeurosis. This muscle helps in flexion  at wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by median nerve.

          Flexor digitorum superficialis- This muscle originates from medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna and  inserts into middle phalanx of each finger. This muscle helps in flexion  at proximal inter phalangeal joint, metacarpo-phalangeal joint and wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by median nerve.

          Flexor pollicis longus- This muscle originates from anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane and  inserts into base of distal  phalanx of thumb. This muscle helps in flexion   inter phalangeal joint of thumb. This muscle is innervated by median nerve.

          Flexor digitorum profundus- This muscle originates from anterior and medial surface of ulna and  inserts into base of distal phalanx of each finger. This muscle helps in flexion of distal and proximal inter phalangeal joint, metacarpo-phalangeal joint and wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by median and ulnar nerve.

          Extensor carpi radialis longus- This muscle originates from lateral supra condylar ridge of humerus and  inserts into second metacarpal. This muscle helps in extension and abduction at wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by radial nerve.

          Extensor carpi radialis bravis- This muscle originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus and  inserts into third metacarpal. This muscle helps in extension and abduction at wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by radial nerve.

          Extensor digitorum- This muscle originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus and  inserts into distal and middle phalanges of each finger. This muscle helps in extension of distal and middle phalanges of each finger and extension at wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by radial nerve.

          Extensor digiti minimi- This muscle originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus and  inserts into tendon of extonsor digitorum on little finger. This muscle helps in extension of proximal phalanx of little finger at metacarpo phalangeal joint and extension at wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by deep radial nerve.

          Extensor carpi ulnaris- This muscle originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna and  inserts into 5^th metacarpal. This muscle helps in extension and adduction at wrist joint. This muscle is innervated by deep radial nerve.

          Abductor pollicis longus- This muscle originates from posterior surface of radius and ulna and  inserts into first metacarpal. This muscle helps in extension and adduction of thumb. This muscle is innervated by deep radial nerve.

          Extensor pollicis bravis- This muscle originates from posterior surface of radius and  inserts into base of proximal phalanx of thumb. This muscle helps in extension of proximal phalanx of thumb. This muscle is innervated by deep radial nerve.

          Extensor pollicis longus- This muscle originates from posterior surface of ulna and  inserts into base of distal phalanx of thumb. This muscle helps in extension of distal phalanx of thumb. This muscle is innervated by deep radial nerve.

          Extensor inidicis- This muscle originates from posterior surface of ulna and  inserts into tendon of extensor digitorum of index finger. This muscle helps in extension of phalanges of index finger. This muscle is innervated by deep radial nerve.