TRACHOMA IN ENGLISH
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TRACHOMA
Ø Trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia
trachomatis and characterized mainly by inflammation of conjunctiva.
CAUSATIVE AGENT
Ø Trachoma is caused by bacteria named as Chlamydia
trachomatis.
Ø Chlamydia
trachomatis is mainly a sexually transmitted infection which may lead to multi
organ infections such as genital organs, lymph nodes, lungs, eyes etc.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION-
Ø Trachoma spreads through direct contact with infectious
ocular or nasopharyngeal discharges on fingers or indirect contact with
contaminated fomites such as towels, clothes and nasopharyngeal discharges from
infected people and materials soiled therewith
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS-
•
The disease is
characterized by the presence of lymphoid follicles and diffuse conjunctival
inflammation (papillary hypertrophy), particularly on the tarsal conjunctiva lining
the upper eyelid.
•
The inflammation
produces superficial vascularization of the cornea (pannus) and scarring of the
conjunctiva, which increases with the severity and duration of inflammatory
disease.
•
The conjunctival
scarring causes in-turning of eyelashes and lid deformities (trichiasis and
entropion) that in turn cause chronic abrasion of the cornea and scarring with
visual impairment and blindness later in adult life.
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS-
•
Laboratory
diagnosis is made through Giemsa-stained smears for the detection of
intracellular chlamydial elementary bodies in epithelial cells of conjunctival
scrapings or culture
TREATENT-
Ø usually broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered
topically and systemically (azithromycin and tetracycline are drugs of choice.
Ø Surgical management includes the correction of
trichiasis to prevent conjunctival
scarring.
PREVENTION-
Ø Health Education is provided to the public on the need
for personal hygiene, especially the risk of common-use towels.
Ø Improving basic sanitation, including availability and
use of soap and water; encourage washing the face frequently.
Ø Adequate case-finding and treatment facilities should be
provided with emphasis on preschool children.
Ø Report to local health authority so timely preventive
diagnostic and treatment measures can be taken
Ø Concurrent disinfection
of eye and nasal discharges and contaminated articles is also very
important preventive measure.
Ø Investigation of contacts and source of infection:
Members of family, playmates and schoolmates.
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