GLAUCOMA IN ENGLISH

                                                      

                                               GLAUCOMA IN ENGLISH

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GLAUCOMA

The term glaucoma is used to refer to a group of eye disorders  characterized by optic nerve damage that may lead to vision loss in some patients.

CAUSATIVE AGENT

Ø Glaucoma is mainly caused by increased intra ocular pressure. Intra ocular pressure is the pressure exerted by aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of eyes.

Ø Aqueous humor flows between the iris and the lens, nourishing the cornea and lens. It is produced by ciliary body and reabsorbed into blood through canal of schelemn

Ø Due to any reason if production exceeds reabsorption than intra ocular pressure is increased. the normal IOP is between 10 and 21 mm Hg.

Ø  

CLASSIFICAITON OF GLAUCOMA

•        Current clinical forms of glaucoma are identified as open-angle glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma (also called pupillary block), congenital glaucoma, and glaucoma associated with other conditions, such as developmental anomalies or corticosteroid use.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

•        Glaucoma is often called the “silent thief of sight” because most patients are asymptomatic in initial stage and  are unaware that they have the disease until they experience visual changes and vision loss.

•        In advance stage patient experiences

•        blurred vision or “halos” around lights,

•         difficulty focusing,

•        difficulty adjusting eyes in low lighting,

•        loss of peripheral vision,

•        Pain or discomfort around the eyes,

•         and headache.

DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS

•        Tonoetry - tonometry is a procedure to measure the IOP.

•        A tonoeter is used to assess the intra ocular pressure.  

•          ophthalmoscopy to inspect the optic nerve,

•        gonioscopy to examine the filtration angle of the anterior chamber, 

•        perimetry is used to to assess the visual fields.

MANAGEMENT

•        Medical management of glaucoma relies on systemic and topical ocular medications that lower IOP

•        In laser trabeculoplasty for glaucoma, laser burns are applied to the inner surface of the trabecular meshwork to open the intratrabecular spaces and widen the canal of schelmn

•        laser iridotomy for pupillary block glaucoma, an opening is made in the iris to eliminate the pupillary block.

•         Filtering procedures for chronic glaucoma are used to create an opening or fistula in the trabecular meshwork to drain aqueous humor from the anterior chamber 

•        Drainage implants or shunts are open tubes implanted in the anterior chamber to shunt aqueous humor .

•        Trabectome surgery is reserved for patients in whom pharmacologic treatment and/or laser trabeculoplasty do not control the IOP sufficiently