ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS - ENGLISH
Nursing Notesclick here to subscribe My Student Support System
ACUTE
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS-
Acute
glomerulonephritis is defined as inflammation and subsequent damage of the
glomeruli leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia; Glomeruli remove
excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from
bloodstream and pass them into
urine
Acute
glomerulonephritis (GN) comprises a specific set of renal diseases in which an
immunologic mechanism triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular
tissue that can result in damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or
capillary endothelium. Acute nephritic syndrome is the most serious and
potentially devastating form of the various renal syndromes.
CAUSES
OF ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS-
Many
conditions can cause glomerulonephritis.
Ø Infections –
Ø Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis may
develop a week or two after recovery from a strep throat infection or, rarely,
a skin infection (impetigo). To fight the infection, your body produces extra
antibodies that can eventually settle in the glomeruli, causing inflammation.
Ø Bacterial
endocarditis. Bacteria occasionally can spread through bloodstream and lodge in heart, causing an infection of one or more of
your heart valves. Bacterial endocarditis is associated with glomerular
disease.
Ø Viral infections. Viral infections, such as the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C, can trigger
glomerulonephritis.
Ø
Immune diseases
Ø
Lupus. Lupus is a systemic
autoimmune disease that occurs when your body's immune system attacks your own tissues
and organs, lupus can affect many parts of your body, including your skin,
joints, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs.
Ø
Goodpasture's syndrome. A rare immunological lung
disorder that can mimic pneumonia, Goodpasture's syndrome causes bleeding in
your lungs as well as glomerulonephritis.
Ø
IgA nephropathy. Characterized by recurrent
episodes of blood in the urine, this primary glomerular disease results from
deposits of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli. IgA nephropathy
can progress for years with no noticeable symptoms.
Ø
Ø
Vasculitis
Ø
Polyarteritis. This form of vasculitis affects small
and medium blood vessels in many parts of your body, such as your heart,
kidneys and intestines.
Ø
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. This form of
vasculitis, formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis, affects small and
medium blood vessels in your lungs, upper airways and kidneys.
Ø
SIGN
AND SYMPTOMS-
Ø
puffiness
of face in the morning
Ø
blood
in urine (or brown urine)
Ø
urinating
less than usual.
Ø
Short of breath and cough
Ø
High blood pressure.
Ø
Tachycardia
Ø
Visual
disturbances
Ø
Lack
of appetite
Ø
Nausea
and vomiting
Ø
Tiredness
Ø
Difficulty
sleeping
Ø
Dry
and itchy skin
Ø
Nighttime
muscle cramps
Ø
Unconciousness
DIAGNOSTIC
INVESTIGATIONS-
q
Urine
examination for hematuria, specific
gravity and albuminuria.
q
Blood
Examination for Urea and creatinine
q
Antistreptolysin
O titre (ASLO)
q
ECG
TREATMENT-
Normally
there is no treatment for acute Glomerulonephritis. it is a self limiting
disease and patients recover within two
or three weeks. Only supportive
treatment is needed which includes antibiotic to treat infection,
hypotensive drugs to control hypertension, Magnesium Sulphate in case of
encephalopathy to reduce cerebral edema. sedatives sometime patient we need
dialysis.
NURSING MANAGEMENT-
Ø
The
child may be advised bed rest and
activity limitation which may be started again as condition improves.
Ø
Vital
signs are monitored such as heart rate , respiratory rate and temperature and
recorded.
Ø
The
balance diet is provided to maintain sufficient nutritional status.
Ø
Intake
output chart should be maintained. Daily recording of weight, edema and
appearance is important nursing management in acute glomerulonephritis.
Ø
Child should be provided with low salt and low
protein diet. Salty chips or wafers should be avoided.
Ø
Recreation
and play therapy in the bed is important to divert child’s attention.
Ø
Proper
skin care and timely management of skin wound is to be done.
Ø
Parents
should be explained about the disorder and possible treatment to alleviate their anxiety.
Ø
Assessment of respiratory status is done and should be notified in case of
deterioration.
Ø
Parents
should be explained about need for proper follow-up visits as and when
required.
Ø
Other Nursing interventions – includes all nursing
care of hospitalized child that we have discussed in previous lecture under
heading Nursing care of hospitalized child in the lecture “Child Health
Nursing”.
Thank you sir
ReplyDeleteThank you sir
ReplyDelete