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VITAMIN D IN ENGLISH

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VITAMIN D

Ø Vitamins are organic compounds and categorized as essential nutrients. They are required by the body in very small amounts, that’s why hey fall in the category of micronutrients. Vitamins do not yield energy but enable the body to use other nutrients. Vitamins are also known as protective foods.

Ø Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin. In Human being it is found in two forms-

Ø Calciferol (Vitamin D2 ) and

Ø Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3).

FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D-

Ø Vitamin D Promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Ø It Stimulates normal mineralization, enhances bone reabsorption and ·affects collagen maturation.

Ø In other words we can say that Vitamin D is very important for strong bones.

Ø Vitamin D also acts as a hormone in our body and Increases tubular reabsorption of phosphate, Variable effect on reabsorption of calcium from kidney.

Ø Vitamin D has positive impact on reducing the risk of several chronic diseases, including certain cancers and cardiovascular disease

SOURCES OF VITAMIN D-

Ø Vitamin D occurs only in foods of animal origin. Liver, egg yolk, butter and cheese, and some species of fish contain useful amounts

Ø Vitamin D is synthesized by the action of UV rays of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is stored in the skin. So vitamin D is also known as sunshine vitamin

DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN D-

Ø Deficiency of vitamin D results in three types of bone related disorders in human beings. These are-

Ø Rickets

Ø Osteomalacia

Ø Osteoporosis

Ø Rickets-In children vitamin D deficiency results in Rickets specially in young children between the age of six months and two years.

Ø The disease is characterized by growth failure, bone deformity, muscular hypotonia, tetany and convulsions due to hypocalcaemia.

Ø The bony deformities include curved legs, deformed pelvis, pigeon chest, Harrison's sulcus, rickety rosary, kyphoscoliosis, etc.

Ø The milestones of development such as walking and teething are delayed.

Ø Osteomalacia- In adults, vitamin D deficiency may result in osteomalacia. Osteomalacia is characterized by marked softening of bones. The softened bones of children and young adults with osteomalacia can lead to bowing during growth, especially in weight-bearing bones of the legs. Osteomalacia in older adults can lead to fractures.

Ø Osteoporosis- Chronic vitamin D deficiency may result in osteoporosis specially in advance age. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility, and consequent increase in fracture risk. It is the most common cause of fractures in aged people.

PREVENTION OF VITAMIN D DEFIFIENCY-

Vitamin D deficiency can be prevented by

(a) educating parents to expose their children regularly to sunshine;

(b) periodic supplementation (prophylaxis) of young children with vitamin D; and

RNTCP IN HINDI

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RNTCP

INTRODUCTION

Ø राष्ट्रीय टीबी कार्यक्रम (एनटीपी) 1962 में भारत सरकार द्वारा शुरू किया गया था। निम्नलिखित उद्देश्यों के साथ-

Ø किसी भी स्वास्थ्य सुविधा केंद्र की ओपीडी में आने वाले रोगियों में टीबी के अधिकतम मामलों का पता लगाना

Ø - नवजात शिशुओं और शिशुओं को बीसीजी का टीका लगवाना।

Ø - एक रोगी द्वारा संक्रमित मामलों की संख्या को कम करना।

Ø - 14 वर्ष से कम उम्र के बच्चों के मामलों की व्यापकता को कम करना एक के लिए।

RNTCP-

Ø राष्ट्रीय क्षय रोग कार्यक्रम (एनटीपी) के तहत पूर्ण प्रयासों के बावजूद उपचार की सफलता दर अस्वीकार्य रूप से कम थी और मृत्यु और डिफ़ॉल्ट दर उच्च बनी रही। बहुऔषध प्रतिरोधी टीबी के फैलने से स्थिति और खराब होने का खतरा था। इसे देखते हुए, 1993 में भारत सरकार ने एक संशोधित रणनीति शुरू की और कार्यक्रम का नाम बदलकर संशोधित राष्ट्रीय क्षय रोग नियंत्रण कार्यक्रम (RNTCP) कर दिया।

Ø आरएनटीसीपी गतिविधियों को चरणबद्ध तरीके से कार्यान्वित किया जाता है। इसे 1993 में चुनिंदा जिलों में पायलट प्रोजेक्ट के तौर पर शुरू किया गया था। 1998 के अंत में बड़े पैमाने पर कार्यान्वयन शुरू हुआ। पिछले कुछ वर्षों में आरएनटीसीपी का तेजी से विस्तार हुआ है और वर्ष 2000 तक 30 प्रतिशत आबादी को कवर किया गया था, वर्ष 2004 तक 80% आबादी को कवर किया गया था और वर्ष 2006 तक पूरे देश को आरएनटीसीपी के तहत कवर किया गया था।

OBJECTIVES-

Ø 1. नए पाए गए संक्रामक (नए स्पुतम स्मीयर पॉजिटिव) मामलों में कम से कम 85% की इलाज दर प्राप्त करने और बनाए रखने के लिए

Ø 2. जनसंख्या में ऐसे कम से कम 70% मामलों का पता लगाना और उन्हें बनाए रखना।

Ø 3. आईईसी गतिविधियों के माध्यम से सामुदायिक जागरूकता बढ़ाना।

ACTIVITIES UNDER RNTCP-

1. केंद्र और राज्य स्तर पर संगठनात्मक समर्थन में वृद्धि ।

2. निदान की प्राथमिक विधि के रूप में थूक परीक्षण का प्रयोग करना ।

3. डॉट्स के रूप में मानकीकृत उपचार ।

4. टीबी दवाओं की नियमित, निर्बाध आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित करना ।

संशोधित राष्ट्रीय टीबी नियंत्रण कार्यक्रम द्वारा अपनाई गई डॉट्स रणनीति में शुरू में निम्नलिखित पांच मुख्य घटक थे:

1. इस कार्यक्रम को लागू करने के लिए राजनीतिक इच्छाशक्ति और प्रशासनिक प्रतिबद्धता।

2. गुणवत्ता सुनिश्चित स्पुतम स्मीयर माइक्रोस्कोपी द्वारा टीबी का निदान।

3. गुणवत्ता सुनिश्चित शॉर्ट कोर्स कीमोथेरेपी दवाओं की पर्याप्त आपूर्ति।

4. डॉट्स प्रदाता के माध्यम से प्रत्यक्ष रूप से देखा गया उपचार।

5. हर स्तर पर व्यवस्थित निगरानी और जवाबदेही।

आरएनटीसीपी के तहत केस की खोज निष्क्रिय है। तपेदिक के संदिग्ध लक्षणों वाले रोगियों की 2 थूक की जांच के माध्यम से जांच की जाती है। थूक सूक्ष्म परीक्षण नामित आरएनटीसीपी माइक्रोस्कोपी केंद्रों में किया जाता है। पुष्टि के बाद रोगी को डॉट्स उपचार प्रणाली के तहत उपचार प्रदान किया जाता है।

डॉट्स ट्रीटमेंट सिस्टम के तहत मरीजों को दो कैटेगरी में बांटा गया है।

Cat. 1 (New cases)-

•New sputum smear positive

•New sputum smear negative

•New extra‐pulmonary and New others

Cat. 2 (Previously treated cases)-

•Smear positive relapse

•Smear positive failure

•Smear positive treatment after default and

• others

RNTCP IN ENGLISH

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RNTCP

INTRODUCTION

Ø The National TB Programme (NTP) was launched by the Government of India in 1962. with the following Objectives-

Ø -To detect maximum number of cases of TB among the patients attending OPD of any health facility

Ø - To vaccinate newborns and infants with BCG vaccine.

Ø - To reduce no of cases infecting by one patient to one only.

Ø - To reduce prevalence of cases of children bellow 14 years of age to one.

RNTCP-

Ø Despite full efforts under National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) the treatment success rates were unacceptably low and the death and default rates remained high. Spread of multidrug resistant TB was threatening to further worsen the situation. In view of this, in 1993 Government of India launched a revised strategy and renamed the program as Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP).

Ø RNTCP activities ere implemented in phased manner. It was started as a pilot project in 1993 in selected districts. Large-scale implementation began in late 1998. The RNTCP has expanded rapidly over the years and 30 percent population was covered by the year 2000, 80 % population was covered by the year 2004 and by the year 2006 whole country was covered under RNTCP

OBJECTIVES-

Ø 1. To achieve and maintain a cure rate of at least 85% among newly detected infectious (new sputum smear positive) cases

Ø 2. To achieve and maintain detection of at least 70% of such cases in the population.

Ø 3. To increase community awareness through IEC activities.

ACTIVITIES UNDER RNTCP-

1. Augmentation of organizational support at centre and state level.

2. Use sputum testing as primary method of diagnosis

3. Standardized treatment regimen as DOTS

4. Ensuring regular, uninterrupted supply of Ante TB drugs

DOTS strategy adopted by Revised National TB Control Programme initially had the following five main components:

1. Political will and administrative Commitment for implantation of this program.

2. Diagnosis of TB by quality assured sputum smear microscopy.

3. Adequate supply of quality assured short course chemotherapy drugs.

4. Directly observed treatment through DOTS provider.

5. Systematic monitoring and accountability at every level.

Under the RNTCP Case finding is passive. Patients presenting themselves with symptoms suspicious of tuberculosis are screened through 2 sputum smear examinations. Sputum microscopic examination is done in designated RNTCP microscopy centres. After confirmation patient is provided treatment under DOTS treatment system.

Under DOTS treatment system patients are divided in two categories.

Cat. 1 (New cases)-

•New sputum smear positive

•New sputum smear negative

•New extra‐pulmonary and New others

Cat. 2 (Previously treated cases)-

•Smear positive relapse

•Smear positive failure

•Smear positive treatment after default and

• others

VITAMIN C IN HINDI

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VITAMIN C

Ø विटामिन कार्बनिक यौगिक हैं और आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों के रूप में वर्गीकृत हैं। इनकीशरीरकोबहुतकममात्रामेंआवश्यकताहोतीहै, इसलिएयेसूक्ष्मपोषकतत्वोंकीश्रेणीमेंआतेहैं।विटामिनऊर्जानहींदेतेहैंलेकिनशरीरकोअन्यपोषकतत्वोंकाउपयोगकरनेमेंसक्षमबनातेहैं।

Ø विटामिनसीएकपानीमेंघुलनशीलविटामिनहै।इसेएस्कॉर्बिकएसिडऔरएस्कॉर्बेटकेरूपमेंभीजानाजाताहै।यहसभीविटामिनोंमेंसबसेअधिकगर्मीसंवेदनशीलहै।

FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN C

Ø विटामिनसीकेकईकार्यहैं।जैसेकि –

Ø यहबहुतअच्छाएंटीऑक्सीडेंटहैऔरऊतकऑक्सीकरणमेंमहत्वपूर्णभूमिकानिभाताहै।

Ø यहकोलेजनकेनिर्माणकेलिएआवश्यकहैजोरक्तवाहिकाओंऔरसंयोजीऊतककेलिएऔरहड्डियोंऔरउपास्थिकेलिएएकसहायकमैट्रिक्सप्रदानकरताहै।

Ø विटामिनसीफेरिकआयरनकोफेरसआयरनमेंपरिवर्तितकरकेवनस्पतिखाद्यपदार्थोंसेआयरनकेअवशोषणकीसुविधाप्रदानकरताहै।

Ø विटामिनसीकईएंजाइमीप्रतिक्रियाओंमेंएकसहकारककेरूपमेंकार्यकरताहैजोविभिन्नप्रकारकेआवश्यकजैविककार्योंमेंमध्यस्थताकरताहै।

SOURCES OF VITAMIN C-

Ø आंवलायाभारतीयआंवलाविटामिनसीकेसबसेसमृद्धस्रोतोंमेंसेएकहै, दोनोंताजाऔरसूखेदोनोंस्थितियोंमें।

Ø विटामिनसीसेभरपूरअन्यखाद्यपदार्थहैंताजेफलजैसेअमरूद, संतरा, नींबूटमाटर, सब्जियांजैसेपालक, फूलगोभीऔरकंदजैसेआलू, मूलीआदि।

VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY-

Ø विटामिनसीकीकमीसेस्कर्वीरोगहोजाताहै।स्कर्वीमेंत्वचापरलालधब्बेऔरत्वचाकेनीचेरक्तस्राव, स्पंजीमसूड़े, मसूड़ोंसेखूनआना, 'कॉर्कस्क्रू' बालोंकाबढ़नाऔरघावकाठीकसेनभरनाशामिलहै।

Ø यहस्थितितबहोतीहैजबकोलेजनगठनकमहोजाताहै।जांघोंऔरपैरोंपरत्वचाकेघावसबसेअधिकमात्रामेंहोतेहैं।उन्नतस्कर्वीमेंखुले, दबेहुएघाव, दांतोंकीहानि, हड्डीमेंअसामान्यताएंहोतीहैंऔरअंतमें, मृत्युहोसकतीहै।

PREVENTION OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY-

Ø विटामिनसीकीकमीकोदूरकरनेकेलिएविटामिनसीयुक्तखाद्यसब्जियोंऔरफलोंकोआहारमेंशामिलकरनाचाहिए।

Ø वयस्कोंकेलिएप्रतिदिनविटामिनसीकीअनुशंसितदैनिकसेवन 40 मिलीग्रामहै।

VITAMIN C IN ENGLISH

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VITAMIN C

Ø Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. It is also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate. It is the most heat sensitive of all vitamins.

FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN C

Ø Vitamin C has multiple functions. Such as –

Ø It is very good anti-oxidant and play important role in tissue oxydation.

Ø It is needed for the formation of collagen which provides a supporting matrix for the blood vessels and connective tissue, and for bones and cartilage.

Ø Vitamin C facilitates the absorption of iron from vegetable foods by converting ferric iron to ferrous iron.

Ø Vitamin C functions as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions that mediate a variety of essential biological functions.

SOURCES OF VITAMIN C-

Ø Amla or the Indian gooseberry is one of the richest sources of vitamin C both in the fresh as well as in the dry condition.

Ø Other foods rich in vitamin C are fresh fruits such as guava, orange, lime tomato, vegetables such as spinach, cauliflowers and tubers such as potato, radish etc.

VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY-

Ø Deficiency of vitamin C results scurvy. Scurvy is characterized by red spots on and bleeding under the skin, spongy gums, bleeding gums, 'corkscrew' hair growth, and poor wound healing.

Ø This condition occurs as collagen formation is reduced. The skin lesions are most abundant on the thighs and legs. In advanced scurvy there are open, suppurating wounds, loss of teeth, bone abnormalities and, eventually, death may occur.

PREVENTION OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY-

Ø Vitamin C containing food vegetables and fruits should be included in the diet to prevent deficiency of vitamin C.

The recommended daily intake of vitamin C is 40 mg per day for adults.

VITAMIN D IN ENGLISH

RNTCP IN HINDI

RNTCP IN ENGLISH

VITAMIN C IN HINDI

VITAMIN C IN ENGLISH

AYUSHMAN BHARAT PM JAY IN HINDI